Australia

1. Tens of thousands of years of Indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and land stewardship.
2. 1780s: British colonization begins as a penal settlement at Port Jackson (Sydney) in 1788.
3. 1850s: Gold rushes trigger mass international immigration, rapid economic growth, and early democratic reforms.
4. 1901: Six self-governing British colonies federate to form the Commonwealth of Australia.
5. 1915: The Gallipoli Campaign during World War I becomes a defining moment for national identity and the "Anzac spirit."
6. Post-WWII: Mass immigration programs transform Australia from a predominantly Anglo-Celtic society into a multicultural nation.
7. 1967: National referendum overwhelmingly votes to include Indigenous Australians in the census and federal lawmaking.
8. 1980s–1990s: Comprehensive economic reforms float the dollar, deregulate financial markets, and shift trade focus toward Asia.

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